Modern Indian history
☑️ PORTUGESE
⏩ Bartholomew Diaz was the first navigator to cross the Equator.
⏩ Vasco da Gama discovered the sea trade route to India and landed at Calicut on May 17, 1498.
⏩ He was received by King Zamorin of Calicut (Manuvikrama Varma).
⏩ In 1502 A.P., the Portuguese established their settlements at Cochin, Calicut and Cannanore.
⏩ Cochin was the main centre for the Portuguese trade upto 1530 A.D.
⏩ Vasco da Gama was buried at Cochin.
☑️ PORTUGESE GOVERNORS
⏩ Fransisco de Almada- He was the first Portuguese Governor and founder of Blue Water Policy.
⏩ Alphonso de Albuquerque was the second Portuguese Governor.
• He conquered Goa from the Sultan of Bijapur in 1510 A.D.
• He founded the idea of ‘Portuguese empire in India and further encouraged conversions and forced marriages.
⏩ Nino de Cunha shifted the capital city from Cochin to Goa.
⏩ St. Xavier, the popular Jesuit father visited India during the tenure of Alfanso de D’souza.
☑️ SETTLEMENT OF PORTUGUESE
⏩ On the West Coast, the Portugese had settlements at – Ormuz, Dabool, Cambay, Surat, Goa, Daman and Diu, Salsette, Bassein, Kalyan.
⏩ The East Coast settlements were-Santhome near Chennai and Hugli in Bengal.
⏩ On the Malabar Coast Portugese settlements were – Cochin, Calicut and Cannanore.
☑️ PORTUGUESE TRADE
⏩ Their maximum trade was carried out in spices. They were the first to start licensing system and to follow monopolistic trade.
⏩ The lincensers given by the Portuguese were called Cartazes.
☑️ DOWNFALL OF THE PORTUGUESE IN INDIA
⏩ In 1612 A.D., Captain Best of the English defeated the Portuguese in the Battle of Swalley and they lost Surat to the English.
⏩ In 1622 A.D., Ormuz was lost to the Dutch.
⏩ In 1631 A.D., Hugli was lost.
⏩ In 1661 A.D., Mumbai was given away as dowry to Prince Charles II of England who married the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Briganza.
⏩ In 1663 A.D., Cochin was lost to the Dutch.
⏩ In 1739 A.D., Peshwa Bajirao I occupied the Salsette and Bassein islands. They were only left with Goa, Daman and Diu upto 1961 A.D.
☑️ DUTCH
⏩ Dutch East India Company was founded in 1603 A.D. Their first settlement in India was Machilipatnam (captured in 1605 A.D.).
⏩ Upto 1689 A.D., Pulicat was the main centre of Dutch trade.
⏩ Nagapatnam became the main centre of Dutch trade in India.
⏩ Their other settlements were Bhimunipatnam (near Vishkhapatnam) which was the first Municipal Corporation in India.
⏩ In Bengal, Cassimbazar, Chinsurah, Hugli, Dacca and Patna (in Bihar) were their other settlements.
⏩ On the West Coast- Ormuz, Cambay, Surat, Broach and in North, Agra was their settlement.
⏩ On the Malabar Coast, Cochin was of prime importance.
⏩ The Dutch traded maximum in textile and indigo. The best indigo was produced in Bayana,Sarkaz in Gujarat and in Agra.
⏩ The Dutch carried out trade called Intra-Asian and Euro-Asian (India to Indonesia and Indonesia to Europe) trade.
⏩ Batavia in Indonesia was the main centre for entire Dutch trade in Asia and hence the Dutch trade was called Batavian Trade.
☑️ ANGLO-DUTCH RIVALRY
⏩ In 1622 A.D., 23 English merchants were killed by the Dutch at a place called Ambayani in Indonesia (Ambayani Massacre).
⏩ In retaliation, the English defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Bedara in 1759 A.D.
⏩ The Dutch surrendered all their settlements in India in return for all English settlements in Indonesia.
MODERN HISTORY NOTES:
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☑️ LATER MUHGALS [ PART 1]
1. Bahadur Shah I (1707 A.D. – 1712 A.D.)
⏩ His actual name was Mauzzam and was also called Shah Alam I.
⏩ He abolished Jazia once again. He recognized Raja Ajit Singh as the ruler of Malwa. He made Guru Gobind Singh a Mughal Mansabdar and released Shahu from the Agra jail.
⏩ He was also called Shah-i-Bakhaba for his policies.
2. Jahandar Shah (1712 A.D.-1713 A.D.):
⏩ For the first time, Mughal nobles became powerful in Mughal Court. Jahandar Shah came to power with the support of Wazir Zulfiqar Ali.
3. Farukh Siyar (1713 A.D. – 1719 A.D.):
⏩ He came to power with the support of Sayyid Brothers called ‘the kingmakers’. They headed the Hindustani faction. In 1715 A.D., Banda Bahadur, the last Sikh leader was executed.
⏩ Siyar preserved all the Mughal paintings in Red Fort. He was later killed by Sayyid Brothers.
4. Mohammed Shah (1719 A.D. – 1748 A.D.):
⏩ His actual name was Roasha Akhtar and was unpopularly known as Rangeela.
⏩ Sayyid Brothers were killed by the Irani faction led by Sadat Khan and Asafjha Nizam-ul-Mulk.
⏩ The Mughal empire distintegrated and Bengal became independent under Murshid Quli Khan.
⏩ Saddat Khan founded the independent State of Oudh (Ayodhya) and Asafjha founded the independent State of Hyderabad.
⏩ Nadir Shah attacked Delhi in 1739 A.D. and took away the Kohinoor Diamond and the Peacock Throne to Persia.
☑️ LATER MUGHALS [ PART 2]
1. Ahmed Shah (1748 A.D.-1754 A.D.):
⏩ He was under the influence of court dancer Uddam Bai. Ahmad Shah appointed two years old infants as Governors of Punjab and Kashmir.
2. Alamgir II (1754.A.D.-1759 A.D.):
⏩ His actual name was Azizuddin. The Battle of Plassey in 1757 A.D. was fought during his time. Ahmad Shah Abdali, the king of Persia attacked seven times.
3. Shah Alam II (1759 A.D.-1806 A.D.):
⏩ His actual name was Ali Guhar. Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 A.D. and Battle of Buxar in 1764 A.D. were the major events during his reign.
⏩ In 1765 A.D., he took part in the Diwani rights (rights to collect revenue) for the East India Company in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.
⏩ He became the prisoner of the English after the Second Anglo Maratha war.
4. Akbar II (1806 A.D. – 1837 A.D.):
⏩ He conferred the title of ‘Raja’ upon Rammohan Roy and deputed him to London to plead the Pension case in the Privy Council.
5. Bahadur Shah II Zafar (1837 A.D. – 1831 A.D.):
⏩ He was the last Mughal emperor and the nomnial head to lead the 1857 revolt.
⏩ Mirza Ghalib, the father of Modern Urdu potery, was patronized by him. He was departed to Burma, where he died in 1865 A.D.
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